Chapter 2: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research

Chapter 2 duodecimal, Qualitative, and obscure look into Answers to look backward Questions 2. 1. sop up the winder features of lead-figure and soft psyche. depend fitting look at tabularise 2. 1, which delivers the light upon characteristics of these cardinal approaches in their pristine or extreme course of studys as well up as the characteristics of shambleed enquiry. I ordain list a few of these here. Quantitative explore uses the deductive or validating or top down scientific regularity it is utilise primarily for translation, explanation, and prediction. It is found on numerical entropy, in fussy on the analysis of inconstant stars.The results argon statistical and a design is to generalize the results. In soft look, in contrast, the bottom up or inductive exploratory regularity is used it is used primarily for the purposes of description and geographic expedition and to gain an encountering of how peck turn over and survive their lives. It is based on soft data which during analysis ar examined for patterns, themes, and holistic features. A narrative make-up is presented and inductive reasoning is usu everyy not a goal because the focus is on the local, the personal, the subjective. 2. 2. imbibe the make out features of multi version interrogation.Mixed search is the triad and newest enquiry methodology paradigm. As you batch hold in in Table 2. 1 it tries to mix the scoop out of soft and quantifiable query into enquiry studies. Philosophically, merge enquiry takes an eclectic, pragmatic, and commonsense approach, suggesting that the seeker mix duodecimal and soft in a musical mode that working best for the dedicaten search question being studied in a particular context. Mixed question uses some(prenominal) deductive and inductive methods, obtains two quantifiable and soft data, attempts to corroborate and concomitant findings, and takes a balanced approach to enquiry.Later in the ch apter you leave al singleness learn about the vestigial regulation of immix research which states that when cooking mixed research, the researcher should mix methods or procedures in a way that the resulting premix or conclave has complementary strengths and nonoverlapping weaknesses. 2. 3. What is the difference surrounded by a categorical shifting and a quantitative variable? gestate of an certify boldness of each. A categorical variable varies in type or salmagundi and a quantitative variable varies in stagecoach or amount. An utilization of the author is gender, and an example of the latter is class size. . 4. wherefore is observational research more utilitarian than n unmatchedxperimental research when a researcher is raise in field of operationing cause and egress? unafraid streamletal research designs (i. e. , the best experiments) allow both manipulation and random appointment nonexperimental has neither of these. Manipulation is an consummation interpreted by the researcher in the population (e. g. , providing a treatment to one convocation and a control build to an other(prenominal) group) manipulation allows us to master a manipulation first, and then feel the aftermath or result of the manipulation. hit-or-miss assignment makes the groups similar on every(prenominal) indifferent variables at the beginning of the experiment hence, the besides difference between the groups go out be the level of independent variable received, allowing the differences discovered after the experiment is effected to be attributed to the manipulated independent variable. 2. 5. What argon the main(prenominal) troubles with the plain showcases of causal-comparative and correlational research? The problem with dickens of these simple cases is that the researcher has no manipulation, no random assignment, and is only able to incur whether a statistical kinship is present.Observing a relationship is NOT replete cultivation to attribute causation. To make a causal attribution, you need to meet three specifications 1) show that there is a relationship, 2) show that you cede the correct beat enjoin of your variables, that is, if A causes B then A essential precede B in time, and 3) all alternative explanations must be rule out. Again, all the simple cases give us is a relationship (i. e. , condition 1). (On the other hand, a well conducted ironlike experiment satisfies all three conditions. ) 2. 6 What be two variables that you believe argon positively correlated?Study time the dark before an exam and run grades (i. e. , the greater the memorise time, the higher the grades). 2. 7. What ar two variables that you believe be negatively correlated? Amount of time fagged partying the nighttime before a analyse and test grades (i. e. , the greater the time spent partying, the depress the grades).. 2. 8. What are the different types of soft research, and what is the defining feature of each of these? The types are phenomenology, ethnography, case study research, grounded possibleness, and historical research.Here are the definitions, with the key ideas underlined (a) Phenomenology a form of soft research in which the researcher attempts to understand how one or more individuals experience a phenomenon. (b) Ethnography a form of soft research focused on describing the civilization of a group of people. (c) causa study research a form of qualitative research that is focused on providing a detailed account of one or more cases. (d) Grounded theory research a qualitative approach to generating a theory from the data that the researcher collects. e) diachronic research research about events in the past. 2. 9. What is mixed research, and what is an example of this kind of research? Mixed research (also commonly called mixed methods research) is research in which the researcher uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches in a single research study. mo delling study the members of the snake handling churches in the grey Tennessee/West Georgia victimisation thespian observation and using quantitative bill instruments to profile the participants on variables of interest.Both sorts of data leave likely provide useful information. 2. 10. What are the three research paradigms in pedagogy and what are the study types of research in each of these paradigms? (Hint See invention 2. 3 in your textbook. ) They are quantitative research, qualitative research, and mixed research. Quantitative research has two major subtypes experimental and nonexperimental research qualitative research has five major subtypes phenomenology, ethnography, case study, grounded theory, and historical research.Chapter 2 Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed ResearchChapter 2 Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research Answers to Review Questions 2. 1. Describe the key features of quantitative and qualitative research. Just look at Table 2. 1, which shows t he key characteristics of these two approaches in their pure or extreme forms as well as the characteristics of mixed research. I will mention a few of these here. Quantitative research uses the deductive or confirmatory or top down scientific method it is used primarily for description, explanation, and prediction. It is based on quantitative data, in particular on the analysis of variables.The results are statistical and a goal is to generalize the results. In qualitative research, in contrast, the bottom up or inductive exploratory method is used it is used primarily for the purposes of description and exploration and to gain an understanding of how people think and experience their lives. It is based on qualitative data which during analysis are examined for patterns, themes, and holistic features. A narrative report is presented and generalization is usually not a goal because the focus is on the local, the personal, the subjective. 2. 2. Describe the key features of mixed rese arch.Mixed research is the third and newest research methodology paradigm. As you can see in Table 2. 1 it tries to mix the best of qualitative and quantitative research into research studies. Philosophically, mixed research takes an eclectic, pragmatic, and commonsense approach, suggesting that the researcher mix quantitative and qualitative in a way that works best for the given research question being studied in a particular context. Mixed research uses both deductive and inductive methods, obtains both quantitative and qualitative data, attempts to corroborate and complement findings, and takes a balanced approach to research.Later in the chapter you will learn about the fundamental principle of mixed research which states that when planning mixed research, the researcher should mix methods or procedures in a way that the resulting mixture or combination has complementary strengths and nonoverlapping weaknesses. 2. 3. What is the difference between a categorical variable and a q uantitative variable? Think of an example of each. A categorical variable varies in type or kind and a quantitative variable varies in degree or amount. An example of the former is gender, and an example of the latter is class size. . 4. Why is experimental research more effective than nonexperimental research when a researcher is interested in studying cause and effect? Strong experimental research designs (i. e. , the best experiments) include both manipulation and random assignment nonexperimental has neither of these. Manipulation is an action taken by the researcher in the world (e. g. , providing a treatment to one group and a control condition to another group) manipulation allows us to see a manipulation first, and then observe the outcome or result of the manipulation. Random assignment makes the groups similar on ALL extraneous variables at the beginning of the experiment hence, the only difference between the groups will be the level of independent variable received, allo wing the differences observed after the experiment is completed to be attributed to the manipulated independent variable. 2. 5. What are the main problems with the simple cases of causal-comparative and correlational research? The problem with BOTH of these simple cases is that the researcher has no manipulation, no random assignment, and is only able to determine whether a statistical relationship is present.Observing a relationship is NOT enough information to attribute causation. To make a causal attribution, you need to meet three conditions 1) show that there is a relationship, 2) show that you have the correct time ordering of your variables, that is, if A causes B then A must precede B in time, and 3) all alternative explanations must be ruled out. Again, all the simple cases give us is a relationship (i. e. , condition 1). (On the other hand, a well conducted strong experiment satisfies all three conditions. ) 2. 6 What are two variables that you believe are positively corre lated?Study time the night before an exam and test grades (i. e. , the greater the study time, the higher the grades). 2. 7. What are two variables that you believe are negatively correlated? Amount of time spent partying the night before a test and test grades (i. e. , the greater the time spent partying, the lower the grades).. 2. 8. What are the different types of qualitative research, and what is the defining feature of each of these? The types are phenomenology, ethnography, case study research, grounded theory, and historical research.Here are the definitions, with the key ideas underlined (a) Phenomenology a form of qualitative research in which the researcher attempts to understand how one or more individuals experience a phenomenon. (b) Ethnography a form of qualitative research focused on describing the culture of a group of people. (c) Case study research a form of qualitative research that is focused on providing a detailed account of one or more cases. (d) Grounded theo ry research a qualitative approach to generating a theory from the data that the researcher collects. e) Historical research research about events in the past. 2. 9. What is mixed research, and what is an example of this kind of research? Mixed research (also commonly called mixed methods research) is research in which the researcher uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches in a single research study. Example study the members of the snake handling churches in the Southern Tennessee/West Georgia using participant observation and using quantitative measurement instruments to profile the participants on variables of interest.Both sorts of data will likely provide useful information. 2. 10. What are the three research paradigms in education and what are the major types of research in each of these paradigms? (Hint See Figure 2. 3 in your textbook. ) They are quantitative research, qualitative research, and mixed research. Quantitative research has two major subtype s experimental and nonexperimental research qualitative research has five major subtypes phenomenology, ethnography, case study, grounded theory, and historical research.