Reflection Essay Writing Essay

English 98was a very informative and interesting class. It was taught by professor Rall, who is a wonderful person and excellent teacher. We covered lots of criteria material and discussed topics during the tenure of the class. We also learned many new ideas about the incidents going on in our country, which were great for us. Reading skills were also honed while reading various essays and stories. Essay writing was a major part of the class. We wrote essay on processed food and gun control, and gay matters. Each essay taught us about a different style or form of writing. I can honestly say my essay skills have improved tremendously over the course of this year thanks to the many skills learned in this class ; however, I do feel I need more practice in timed essay. We read our peers essays, correct the grammatical errors, gave suggestions to word placement, and sentence usage. Reviewing and correctional skills learned will be very helpful in the future as we continue to write essays during college. Seeing other people correct my essays helped me view my essays from different viewpoints. Sometimes letting someone else read your paper can help you come up with an idea to use in your paper that you might not have noticed before. I fell your class was very informative and i believe there is nothing to be changed. The way you discussed problems our world is going threw today made me get more engaged in the subjects. I feel my high school English classes were wasted because my teachers did not care, I was kicked out my junior year and I was sent to adult school. All we did was work out of the book, I was accepted back to my school my senior year. When i got sent back to high school i had a teacher who had our class engaged in the subject, I passed the class with an A+. You remind me of him and I enjoyed your class.

Effects of unemployment Essay

The stabilization of human personalities; every individual child or adult needs emotional security and a source of release from stresses and strains of every day life. This provided by emotional support of partners and the chance for parents to indulge with their children. This helps to prevent stress from overwhelming the individual and threatening the stability of family and society. Parents provides economic support to its members particularly when they are young, paying for expensive personal items as well as child care. This financial support at times can be extended beyond infant hood with extra cost such as private education or higher education. Other functions of individuals in employment, tend to provide economic and emotional support when a member of the family is ill, disabled or in poverty. Financially stable families offer economic, cultural and social support that allows status and the prospects of social mobility for its members. But all this can be changed by a single life event in a person’s life as well as their families and it can be significantly devastating. A persons health and well being is significantly influenced by the life events and the effects of the social environment that they live in. these events can effect our health and wellbeing when a change of circumstances occurs. The aim of this essay is to explore how this life of events can change a person’s health and wellbeing for example: psychologically, physically, and socially and their behaviour. Events like losing a job has a great impact on a person’s life and their family members, it can also affect a person’s health and well being. A financially stable person losing their source of income can be devastating and can cause emotional distress and depression. (NHS research 2009) states that the most common cause of stress in today’s society is relationship breakdown, loss of a job, money issues and moving house. Stress can result fro, continuous causes, changeable, unpredictable or predictable causes e.g. life events or occupational demands (psychology through diagrams). Homes and rahe (1967) states that stress can be caused by greater susceptibility to physical mental health disorders (psychology through diagrams p. 194) stress can lead to a person’s behaviour change. A person might start smoking to try and relieve stress. (Dr Parrot American medical journal) states that smokers mistakenly believe that cigarette  smoking can help relieve stress. (Live bates) director of ASH explains further that cigarette smokers experience the relief from their addiction but of stress. Cigarette dependency can gradually disappear when one makes a choice to quit. Smoking is addictive and is harmful to a person’s health internally and also externally. Smoking causes high blood pressure, raised heart beats , shortness of breath, chronic coughing , impotence and infertility, long term smokers have a higher risk of developing respiratory track infection and lung cancer which means smoking can cause death. Recent studies show that thousands of people all over the world die each year from medical complications which are caused by smoking (smoking advice information). In the United States smoking remains the greatest preventable cause of death (journal of environmental and public health 2012 may 4th). Smoking is another expensive addiction which can add more strain on a non income household. Smoking is an addiction and addictions need feeding, that means that the little money that coming into the house hold could be spent on feeding the addiction , leaving no money for food, rent and basic things which sustain a house hold. This leads to changing diet to cheaper food stuffs which are most likely to be unhealthy. Low income leads to an unhealthy diet which mostly is high in sugar and fat. Leading this new life style can cause a person to become obese and can also affect their health and well being. (Drewnowski, 2010) healthy food is more expensive than unhealthy food. Unhealthy food is easily accessible in low income households there fore it is seen as the easiest option even thought they are full of sugar, unrefined grams of fat Diet which is full of sugar and fat is not good for human bodies because it leads to health problems. Children who suffer from blood pressure and high type 2 diabetes, Are at high to a high risk of cardiovascular disease. Also children are likely to become obese when they grow up. (2009 paediatric nutrition s. system) (Minister for public health) stresses that, it is a heart-breaking fact family from low income survive from bad food and they are at high risk from obesity. Most of the families on low income are people who are on benefits. DR Gerry Spence comments that most families on benefits suffer from obesity and they most likely rely on eating out of the chippy and on convenience stores. Also once a person loses his or her job the effect s can be devastating if they cannot be able to keep up with their mortgage, their home is at risk of  being repossessed which could lead to homelessness, homelessness starts in reduction of availability of affordable housing and economic stresses in society. This leads to families having to move to different areas which they can afford. Moving houses and changing school can b devastating to both children and parents. Children’s education can be highly affected by this change of school environment according to Stuart hall and Janet pawney; homelessness could have a very bad effect on a child’s education and health. In most cases when people are evicted or lose their housing due to other causes, most of them are housed by their local councils, if they are lucky they can be offered a council house. Most of the council houses according to parents and professionals are not present at all. Most of them are in very poor states of repair and also might be damp and mouldy which can affect a person’s health and well being for example dampened accommodation can cause respiratory conditions to worsen. Also in this situation children are more exposed to tobacco smoke lack of study space and also lack of sleep at night as a result of a rowdy neighbourhood. This change of location affects adults as well as children. Children can become lonely because they have left their families or have not been able to make friends. They feel isolated and this can lead to social isolation which is another cause of poor health. According to (R.C.N) people who are from socially included neighbourhood experience poor health outcome this include self reported health morbidity and life expectancy. Also children from socially excluded neighbourhoods are more likely to get involved in crime. They may get involved with other children in the neighbourhood or school who are involved in unhealthy activities for example drugs, alcohol and smoking. These activities are usually caused by children joining gangs who participate in these events. The peer pressures caused by the gangs are what lead to these unhealthy activities. Office of (D.P.M 2004 September 9th) states that in most cases social exclusion is concentrated in the poorest communities and neighbourhoods. When a person is socially excluded they find it hard to creatively take part in most of the society’s activities for example taking part in local elections, leisure centres which are available in the community. This can have a long term effect on them when they grow up; they might find it very hard to achieve good grades which can lead to unemployment in the future. (DPM 2004) states that education can be used to  predict future outcomes in the areas of employability, health, criminal activity and earnings. This can also be used to achieve a reduction in social exclusion. In this we have discovered that social exclusion is the gap between those who are forced to the fringe and those who are active members of the society. We have seen how socially exclusion can affect our health and wellbeing. Also our behaviour, we have seen that social exclusion can have a great impact on children’s education which can determine their future employability, health, criminal activities and earnings. This essay explores how we live can affect our health and wellbeing. It van have an impact on a persons mental health, behaviour and physical health problems. This essay shows how a one event can have a big impact on the whole family involved. It can affect the present and their tomorrow (future). The evidence shows that once a change of events in ones life and how the person deals with it negatively, it can be devastating. This is because our bodies react differently to stress. References: www.york.ac.uk/inst/spru/research/pdf/drivers.pdf Abnormal psychology by Richard gross& rob mcllvoen Http://www.smokingadvice.info/smoking-advice/effects-of-smoking.php http://www.hindawl.com/journals/jeph www.ash .org.uk/beyondsmokingkills.co.uk http://sciencenordic.com/how-stress-can-cause-depression AS & a level psychology through diagram by Grahame hill www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/lowincome.html/ The guardian July 9th 2013 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/homlessnes

MEDICATION ERRORS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MEDICATION ERRORS - Essay Example They can also be classified from a contextual perspective, in terms of the medicines, time, place and people involved (Spath, 2011). Modal classification is the third type, which refers to the manner in which the error took place, for example, errors can occur by substitution, omission or repetition. Patients’ safety and medical errors represent a subject that has recently gained both public and scientific attention. This is due to the fact that numerous medical errors have occurred, and lately on a regular basis (Jox, Schneider, Borasio & Dietz, 2010). These errors are accompanied by an increased cost in treatment, in addition to a number of moral consequences. Several barriers concerned with patient safety and medication errors have been identified. These include poor leadership and absence of feedback on incidences concerning these errors. Feedback would enable the medical system to monitor the occurrence of these errors on a national level, and assist the authorities in fo rmulating the appropriate preventative measures. Voluntary reporting systems have been created by organizations such as the Institute of Safe Medical Practice Canada (ISMP Canada) and results have shown that these systems can help reduce the number of mistakes in medication from human error (David, n.d). Medication error reports are reviewed by the Division of Medication Error Prevention and Analysis (DMEPA) (US Food and Drug Administration, n.d). It includes a prevention program which evaluates cases of medical errors, casualties, and uses this data to formulate preventative measures against medication errors. Fortunately, most medication errors are due to omission as opposed to commission; hence, there is a certain level of preventability for the occurrence of these mistakes. To formulate preventative measures, one must analyze the underlying cause of these errors. These errors usually occur upon failure of a medical service provider to detect the state of disease, hence, prescrib es the incorrect drug therapy, failure to detect the mechanism of drug interaction, negligence to patient’s drug allergies and general patient knowledge deficits (Harn, n.d). The above mentioned errors can be avoided if time is taken to counsel the prescriber and improving his/her working conditions (Harn, n.d). In order for the prescriber to reduce the probability of medication errors occurring, he/she can learn ways to keep focused on the patient and make sure diagnosis is made with out any external distractions. The work performed by medical professionals can be extremely stressful at times and these conditions make them prone to making mistakes. Creating a stress free environment can help reduce the number errors. This can be achieved by reducing the amount of caffeine intake and maintaining a healthy diet, improving relations among employees, ensuring that the employees get adequate sleep, working goals should be realistic to avoid overworking employees and bad habits, s uch as alcohol intake, should be prohibited during or before working hours. The patient can also play a role in preventing medication errors by gaining knowledge on the medication that has been prescribed to him/her. He or she should be aware of the purpose of the medication and what disease he/she is taking the medication for. The patient should also try to use the same pharmacy for one prescription, this way pharmacists can detect any inconsistencies that the doctor might have made

Land Securities Property Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Land Securities Property Group - Essay Example Investors often went for choosing commercial properties in place of bonds as investments because it offered very good return. Soon after 2007, this lucrative area of investment really became a nightmare zone for investors. The real estate industry faced setbacks due to globalisation, change in the economic scenario, recession, and sub-prime mortgage crisis. The property prices fell up to 50 percent. The commercial property industry revived by 2009 but the revival was not constant. There no stability in this industry anymore. The profits and losses in the real estate industry have become unpredictable. Moreover, the risk involved in investing in commercial property also pulled back the investors from such investments (Pickup & Derbyshire, 2010, p. 259-263). The economic downturn affected all the countries round the world. The intensity may be different but the dropping sales figures and decreasing revenue has been the scenario for most of the countries. The shops remained empty and th is further affected the property owners dealing in commercial property business. Many banks and companies declared themselves insolvent and filed for bankruptcy. In the backdrop of such economic scenario, we will analyse the position of the Commercial real-estate industry. Land Securities Group is one of the major players in the commercial property Industry in United Kingdom. Though the balance sheet of the company is showing positive results, but the market is not. The company is big and the capital base of the company is strong. The retail industry is facing huge losses And Retail giants such as Game, HMV or other super markets are have empty shops. In the study the analysis of the company Land Securities Group, is done keeping in mind the objectives behind the analysis: To study the competitive advantages and Strategies of Land Securities To analyse the complete external and internal environmental condition of the company. To see the status of its competitors To make projections regarding the future prospects of the commercial property Industry. Company Profile Land Securities Group is one of the largest commercial property companies in United Kingdom. It came into existence in the year 1944. Their main area of business is to develop shopping centres, retail shops and warehouses, offices and other commercial buildings. They are into maintenance, development, repairing of the property in both public and private sectors. Land Securities group is also into development of the urban community. For this purpose it has planned a multi-billion development program. Land Securities has a total of ? 4.9 billion of retail portfolio value. It owns more than 24 shopping centres and 19 retail parks. About ? 20.6 million sq. ft. of retail accommodation is developed by land securities group. The company is listed in London stock exchange. It has an operating income of ? 1244.1 million in 2011. Land Securities group also provides employment to more than 700 people. The compa ny has received several awards. It has received the Landlord of the year award, BCSC Gold Awards for retail Town Scheme and also National Property Company of the year award in 2011 (Landsecurities, 2012). Environmental Analysis PEST ANALYSIS PEST Analysis is mainly done to study the external environment for the company. Land Securities group is a company mainly situated in UK, which is going through its longest

International Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Finance - Assignment Example in order for an economic union to be successful it is necessary to have following conditions among the member countries: 1. Labour mobility: Labour mobility is the free access to labour without any legal or cultural obstacle, and having similar wages and other employment conditions. 2. Capital mobility: It will allow the market forces to enhance the equal distribution of wealth and resources through supply and demand. 3. Similar Business Cycle: It will help the member countries in reducing inflation and increasing growth. 4. Automatic Fiscal Transfer Mechanism: It will help in redistribution of money towards less developed areas without federal interference. As of today, the European Union is comprised of 27 member countries having an aggregate population of around 500 million people. Making an economic union was a very bold and risky step for European countries. It involved not only the compromise on the individual monetary freedom of the member countries but also the integration of central banks. The basic purpose of this unification was to give economic support to member countries through the integration of economic and political policies. In order to enhance the importance of Europe in the monetary mechanism of the world, there was a need of unity among European countries. ... The European Union was officially created on 1st November, 1993 under the third Delors Commission. The Euro was introduced initially in a non-physical form like EFT or travelers cheques in January 1999 and captured the market completely in physical form on 1st January 2002. In contrast to the economist expectations, Euro survived a good length of time. It was the first experiment of its kind in the history. Many economists were skeptic about the future of Euro and its corresponding impact on European economic future. Several criticisms rose as to the applicability of the Optimum Currency Theory on European Union due to the lack of mobility of factors of production among member countries. US economists objected that European Union is not so integrated to issue single currency like the different states of US. However they overlook the fact that it took more than 150 years to United States to integrate the monetary system of all states by issuing Dollars for the entire nation. However t he theory of optimum currency area does not include political economy factors like the desire for European integration on political level, reducing the exchange rate risks and achieving stable price levels. US economists also believed that the entire European monetary integration was basically a political ploy and therefore lacking the necessary criteria of the optimum currency area. On the basis of the crisis of European Exchange rate system in early 90s, they begin to suspect the viability of this monetary union. From the very beginning of the European monetary integration process, this union is always question on the basis of the optimum currency area theory. The basis of all criticism was that the Europe was not at

Current real estate market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current real estate market - Essay Example at are easy to distinguish from regular paragraph content, but the online format has been cleverly designed to be more practical and versatile for the everyday user, especially if that user happens to be a buyer, seller, or real estate professional. The purpose of this essay is to describe the content found in the real estate section of a newspaper of this type—including updates on interest rates, surveys of construction costs and sales prices, and articles referencing legislation or other issues that have an effect on the real estate market—as well as to respond to the located material, pointing out how such content could be helpful to a real estate appraiser. Located in the center of the real estate section of the newspaper’s website was an absolutely indispensable tool to a real estate appraiser. It provided links to articles and information on some incredibly specific areas related to real estate, including general real estate news; homes; condos; second homes; money issues; trends; and neighborhood information. Clearly, such a vast wealth of information can be utilized using this tool that it has been categorized to make it easier for those with a vested interest in real estate to locate what they are searching for. Interest rate information was available through two major sources in the newspaper: articles discussing interest rate trends and tools and calculators that would allow one to calculate such a rate using information such as the purpose of their desired loan, the type of loan, the discount point range, and the estimated loan amount. Obviously, tools of this type can only provide rough estimates as financial figures such as interest rates are based on a variety of factors outside of the tool’s capabilities, such as creditworthiness. There were literally tons of articles in the newspaper that pointed to a vast increase in the number of foreclosures over the course of the past year, provided information detailing the differences between

Persuasive Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Persuasive Letter - Essay Example The society has suffered both social and economic losses given that human health, property, infrastructure as well as various aspects of the economy such as agriculture have been made untenable due to the harsh weather conditions. As of this moment, the WHO in conjunction with several governments continues to report high incidence of heat and cold related diseases. Moreover, developing nations whose citizenry depend on natural resources for income, have found it hard to earn a living. In as much as the advancements brought about by the past and current generations have made our way of life simpler, some of them have caused environmental degradation. This has in turn resulted into climate change. One reality that the current generation should not turn a deaf ear on is the fact that we have our ancestors to thank for subjecting the environment to wise use during their lifetime. As that has enabled us to make something out for ourselves. From where I sit, I presume true the fact that for us to hand over an intact world to the future generations, then we have to adjust our way of life. Moreover, every person within the world should make sacrifices for the adjustments to bring about considerable effect. Some of the sacrifices for example will require that we not only recycle but also reuse some of the local materials such as paper, plastic, cardboard, aluminum among others (Tokar 55). Similarly, we need to reduce the amount of energy that we consume as we spend many n atural resources in producing the energy, and too much production will exhaust the natural resources. In order to reduce the consequences of climate change, we will need to employ the use of ecofriendly cleaning products, and not those that lead to emission of poisonous materials that lead to the erosion of the ozone layer. At the same time, we should change our eating habits and prepare

Analysis of a cultural or MICE sector organisation Essay

Analysis of a cultural or MICE sector organisation - Essay Example usually planned well in advance and aimed at achieving a certain corporate, social, political or cultural purpose among many other purposes (Hass et al, 2008). Industry educators propose the use of ‘Events Industry’ as an overall term to represent the wide scope of works under this industry (Brotherton & Wood, 2008). The organizers or firms in this industry offer meeting and conferencing support equipment, catering services, accommodation facilities, transport facilities, training, and so much more that is akin to services in the hospitality industry. A large number of MICE’s components are comprehensively understood, except for incentives which is least understood by many. Incentive tourism is commonly undertaken as an employee reward scheme by organizations as a form of employee reward by companies for targets achieved and success in work. Thus, MICE tourism is, many at times, purely conducted for entertainment purposes rather than educational or professional purposes. This industry usually includes well planned agendas focused on specific topics or themes, such as trade and professional organizations, educational topics or special interest groups. Bidding for MICE events usually occurs long prior to the events. This article reviews a specific firm in this industry within the United Kingdom (U.K) market. The firm under highlight is the U.K based AVC Productions limited (AVC Productions, 2011). This article evaluates the company’s products and services as well as structure, organization, vision and mission of the c ompany. Furthermore, of interest will also be its special focus area or market niche in the industry. The study will also include an analysis that will look into the company’s strategy in order to identify how it competitively strategizes and positions itself within the United Kingdom market. The article will also carry out an analytical review of the company and its position and performance within the industry through common analytical

Outline the bank multiplier approach to explaining the process of Essay

Outline the bank multiplier approach to explaining the process of money creation and discuss its limitations - Essay Example This has led to call for the replacement of federal reserve system by a computer based system that would fix rates via calculations using standard economic metrics. Say in his law seems to make a suggestion to the fact that money is neutral and does not in any way lead to recession. He felt it was an irrational action to hoard money if one had it. In his view the only reason to have money is to spend it on one’s needs, in buying products. An increased spending is brought about by the increase in money supply going by the opinion that money is meant for spending. Say economist do not believe that businesses suffer as a result of lack of money for which reason other economist may advocate the printing of more money. Say and his followers rather believe that to increase ones purchasing power all that is needed is for there to be an increase in production processes. This would cause demand for the product an exchange for these goods automatically puts money into the pockets of the producer thereby increasing his purchasing power. The printing of more money would invariably lead to indiscriminate consumption which is believed by say economist as a wealth

Failure Analysis Essay Example for Free

Failure Analysis Essay Team D will analyze the organizations Samsung Electronics Company (SEC) and Research In Motion Blackberry (RIM). The study will analyze in depth the success of Samsung and the failure of Blackberry. The paper analyzes how Samsung evolved into one of the largest conglomerates in the world during the past decade the demise of Blackberry and how the company failed. Vision and Mission Statement Samsung Vision Statement, The vision of SAMSUNG Electronics is Leading the Digital Convergence Revolution (Samsung, 2013, p. 1). Mission Statement â€Å"To experience the joy of advancing and applying technology for the benefit of the public† (Samsung, 2013, p. 1.). Established in 1938, Samsung has gone thru many changes. During its various changes, Samsung continues to modify its mission statement according to its own change and to new developments globally. Economic contribution to the nation â€Å", Priority to human resources† â€Å" Pursuit of rationalism are slogans that represent important moments in Samsung’s history. The organization has grown from a national leader to a worldwide consumer leader. The constant fluctuation in the global economy, competition, and operations, Samsung transformed its mission statement in 1990. According to Samsung’s philosophy, We will devote our human resources and technology to create superior products and services, thereby contributing to a better global society (Samsung, 2013, p. 2.). The organizations attitude is a representation of its determination to contribute to the success of people globally. Key factors for Samsung is the dedication, creativity, and talent of its employees. The strong leadership and team support has made endless opportunities for new technology and achieving higher standard of living globally. Leadership at Samsung believe its success is due to its contribution to people worldwide and to the shared prosperity between national boundaries worldwide. This determines how they manage their  company. The objective for Samsung Electronics is to generate the future with its consumers. SEC can be considered as one of very few companies that manage to go beyond mere imitation of global competitors, leverage resources, accelerate the pace of organizational learning and manage to attain seemingly impossible goals ( Hamel and Prahalad, 1989). Vision and Mission Statement Blackberry vision statement, â€Å"Blackberry aims to be the premier center for management development excelling in developing managers of tomorrow; strengthening management capabilities and facilitating policy options to meet emerging challenges†. (Blackberry, 2013, p.1.). Mission statement, â€Å"To develop socially and professionally responsible and proactive managers and leaders with holistic perspectives and competencies. (Blackberry, 2013, p.1.) In realizing the above vision and mission, RIM focuses on the following strategic areas: In 1994, Blackberry (RIM) was created. The organization is located in Waterloo, Ontario Canada. Other locations include Europe, United States, Mexico, and Asia Pacific. Blackberry lead the design, fabrication, distributor of its wireless solutions for the global cellular communications market. The creation of combined software, services, and support, Blackberry provided solutions for email, cell phone, SMS, MMS, Intranet, and Internet applications â€Å"The beauty of this device was that users could do all of these functions even as they were striding down the sidewalk, far from any desktop computer† (Kim, 2008). . The organization provided services for Civil Service, local governance, and the private sector. This enabled Blackberry to strengthen and develop into a strong financial, self-supported Institute. The downfall of Blackberry began on January 9, 2007, with the introduction of the iPhone. Apple sold a million iPhones the first week of its release, signaling the era of the smartphone. In a conference call on March 29, 2012 CEO Thorsten Heins stated, â€Å"It is now very clear to me that substantial change is what RIM needs,† (All Thing D, 2012, p. 1.). The CEO is creating something Blackberry has not had for a long time, a vision. . â€Å"We believe that BlackBerry cannot succeed if we try to be everybody’s darling and all things to all people†, (All Things D, 2012, p. 1.). It might be too late but  the organization will undertake a complete review analysis of the way the company operates. Leadership style, management, organizational structure, and culture Samsung Electronics is a worldwide organization with nearly 160,000 employees and operates in countries worldwide. Samsung is devoted to having a healthy organizational culture. It believes that ethical management is not only a tool for responding to the rapid changes in the global business environment, but also a vehicle for building trust with its various stakeholders, shareholders, customers, partners, employees, and local communities around the world. Samsung’s aim is to become one of the most ethical companies in the world that is respected by its stakeholders, Samsung Electronics continues to train its employees and operate monitoring systems, while practicing fair and transparent corporate management. Samsung has established a good and safe working environment for its personnel, this improves employee morale and productivity and commitment to the organization. Employees respect all workers despite the positions they have. Workers and leaders have a good relationship that allows both side to work together on workers grievances relating to their work environment. The relationships between the workers and leaders are interactive and workers grievances relating to their working environment and other labor related issues work well. Workers at Samsung will respect all workers despite the roles they play. CEO Kwon Oh Hyun is a commanding leader, almost militarist in leading. In South Korea, this style of leadership is very effective; unlike in the United States a commanding leader for a non-military organization would be ineffective. Kwon Oh Hyun is direct, takes tight control, very demanding, disciplined, and demands immediate compliance within the company, from top to bottom. It is difficult to recognize what leadership style is within Blackberry. What has brought Blackberry to its demise is not having a clear vision from its upper executives. Their leaders had no sense of direction to innovate the organization. Blackberry ten years ago was a leader in the cellular business. Customers who owned a blackberry phone felt important, celebrities, Wall Street investment bankers. Today Blackberry is at jeopardy on becoming obsolete. Blackberry made some critical mistakes, which put the organization in jeopardy. The organization  disregarded the iPhone until it was too late. Prior CEO Lazaridis â€Å"told his employees that no one would buy the iPhone because customers did not want a personal computer on their cell phones.† (Forbes, 2011, p. 2.) Blackberry promoted a culture of unwillingness and closed communication. Upper executives did not want to listen to ideas from below. Additionally, a critical mistake was waiting too long to innovate new products into their product line. Their current product line is a big dinosaur and still look much like their first phones. To further trouble Blackberry, two major outages occurred on April 2007 and again in February 2008, each outage lasted for a few days. Leading Organizational Change Team D would use the Kotter’s Eight Steps Detailed guidance for managing change. First major change is to establish a sense of urgency, in order to create a compelling reason for change. The compelling reason for change is to seek new ways of innovation. Keeping up with the global rapid change in the telecommunications, industry is vital. [Change process theories describe a typical pattern of events that occur from the beginning of a change to the end, and in some cases they describe how earlier changes affect subsequent changes. The theories may identify distinct phases in the process, stages in the reaction of individuals, or effects of repeated changes on people.] (Gary Yukl, 2013, p. 1.) In order to keep Blackberry competitive with the market, the organization must find new products to introduce into the market. Introducing a new lineup of products such as new cell phone models is vital for the company to compete with its competitors. The sense of urgency is creating and updating our products in time to keep up with the competition. The team would create a coalition between upper management to establish the new change for blackberry. The coalition between top executives would facilitate the introduction of the new strategy into our new business plan. A major priority for blackberry and its top executives is to create a clear vision for the upcoming change of the organization. The next hurdle is to widely open up communication barriers and simplify the communication between upper management on down. Blackberry will promote a culture of open communication and willingness for all its employees. The open communication will enable the organization to communicate the vision throughout the company. Good communication will help the organization with employees who resist change. Communication between upper management and employees will help give a clear vision of the change. Inadequate communication will give employees a sense of false information for example believe that change is not feasible, fear of personal failure, loss of status, and economic threat. The CEO will empower other managers to act on the vision by encouraging risk-taking and removing barriers to help solve problems. The new plan will take two years to implement. The action plan will include short-term goals that move blackberry toward the new vision. The change will allow upper management on down to consolidate improvement. All management reassess all changes to include analytical information, the consolidation improvements will allow the organization to make any necessary adjustments in the new programs. All management will have to lead by example and demonstrate the success of the cultural change. The new plan will reinforce the changes by demonstrating the relationship between the new behaviors. The leadership styles will be between transformational and visionary leadership. These leadership styles will inspire the conviction of the new vision and will give blackberry a clear direction to succeed in the new change. Transformational leadership will inspire and develop empowering focus on the new plan. Conclusion During significant change to a company’s structure and strategies, personnel can experience high levels of stress on the job. Prior to executing the strategies, organizations must empower employees to adopt the role of change and encourage them to take action to solve the problems that stresses them. A large piece of the puzzle is communication between upper management on down. Personnel need to feel that they are empowered during the phase of the change. Although few organizations fully acknowledge their role in helping employees, cope with change. Individual reactions to change your complex and most experts agree that people tend to be uncomfortable with change; employees do not want to depart from their comfort zone.

Globalization and Organization design

Globalization and Organization design Introduction Nowadays, Globalization is the indispensable trend of many companies. What motivates them to expand internationally? They do business on global scales in order to expand their markets, increase sales and increase profits. In other side, Organizations have to face a lot of challenges from globalization such as communication, culture, technology and transportation etc. It requires top leaders must be having a global outlook, creating global strategies and structure designs for global advantage. So how managers design the organization for international environment? Content What motivates organization to expand internationally? There are 3 major factors which motivate companies to expand internationally: Economies of scale, Economies of scope, Low-cost production factors. The economies of scale refer to reduction in the cost per unit by increasing the scale of output. It means producing in the large-volume by new technologies and production methods. The second factor is economies of scope. This factor refers to increasing the number and variety of products and services which company offers. In other hand, company also increase the number and variety of regions, countries, and markets it servers. The third factor is Low-cost production relates to factor of production. Nowadays, a lot of companies in the world, special in USA, usually invest aboard to get the lowest cost of labor, raw materials and other resources. Those factors show that this is necessary for organization to focus on globalization. In some industries, a company can be successful only by succeeding on global scale. Stages of International Evolution: Domestic => International => Multinational => Global. There are a lot of ways to enter foreign markets and each company has their own strategies. However, organizations should grow up step by step, from domestic to global. In the first stage, the Domestic stage, the company has to focus on domestic market which is limited and is their home country. They build basically structure in domestic and deal with foreign sales by an export department. From this stage, the company collects experiences to expand abroad. The next stage is the international stage. In this stage, the company begins to focus on export more seriously and begins to think Multi-domestically. They enter into multiple countries and have to deal with each country individually because each country has independent competitive issues. So the export department has replaced by an international division and specialists who are hired to handle sales, service, and warehousing abroad. In stage three, the multinational stage, company expands into some international markets and establishes marketing, manufacturing, or research and development facilities in several foreign countries. And they have business units scattered around the world along with suppliers, manufacturers and distributors. Thats why company obtains a large percentage of revenues from sales outside the home country. We call this stage of development is explosion and structure is worldwide geographic product. Example of multi-national companies is Coca-cola in United States, Sony of Japan, Wal-Martà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The final stage is the global stage. In this stage, company has inner force and experiences enough to transcend any singer country. They become stateless corporations which have market in the whole world. They have subsidiaries which are interlinked to the point where competitive position in one country significantly influences activities in other countries in whole world. Become global company make their structure to be matrix or transnational model. The example is Nestlà ©, Unilever.ect. They appear in more than a hundred countries. How to enter new markets? Globalization gives organizations a lot of opportunities and it also give them a lot of challenges. One of a lot questions which it gives organization is: How can expand globally? But firstly, we have to answer this question How to enter new markets? And weve find out one of the most popular ways which company uses to enter the new markets is through International strategic alliances: licensing, joint ventures, and consortia. They joint venture with their partners such as customers, suppliers or even competitors to share development and production costs and penetrating new marketsFor example, the Joint Venture that Canadian mining company Placer Dome has with Newmont Mining and the result helps lower operating costs at their Nevada gold-mining operations. The subsidiary is Placer Dome Turquoise Ridge Inc. and Placer Dome owns 75% while Newmont owns 25%. The project expects to mine 300,000 ounces per year of gold with gold over $300 an ounce, this deal is worth $90 million annually (Tuesday, January 6, 2004-Torontostar newspaper). They also can limit risks and take the money from selling licenses when entering new markets by licensing. The example is Saks Fifth Avenue and Barneys New York. Saks has licensed stores in Riyadh and Dubai, Saudi Arabia, and Mexico. Barneys has licensed stores in Japan. Both of them as well as other US- based department stores, are currently making a strong international push in light of weak sales and stiff competition in the United States (OConnell, Department Stores: Tough Sell Abroad). Another typical alliance is that companies become involves in Consortia, groups of independent companies including suppliers, customers, and even competitors. Companies join together to share skills, resources, cost, and access to anothers markets. There is a difference between joint ventures and consortia that in a joint venture, the partners will create a legal corporate entity to carry out the activity with an agreement that the parent companies have controlling interests. The difference between alliances and consortia is that consortiums are usually created for a specific short term project, whereas alliances can take place over many years and involve multiple aspects of the relationship whereas consortiums usually are arranged for one specific topic or project. Global strategy To survive and develop in International environment, an organizations structure must fit its situation by providing sufficient information processing for coordination and control while focusing employees on specific functions, products, or geographic regions. Managers must choose and decide whether to emphasize global standardization or national responsiveness (globalization strategy or multi-domestic strategy). The standardization strategy means that product design, manufacturing, and marketing strategy are standardized throughout the world (Kenichi Ohmae, Managing in a Borderless World). But the advertising and marketing need to be tailored for different regions, Think globally, and Market locally. For example, Coca-cola uses that Converging customer needs and preferences and sells the same Coke beverage worldwide. But they also changed a little in their logo and the style of glass bottle. They make their own special characteristics which associate a strong and cross-cultural brand image. In other hand, Globalization strategy can help manufacturing company gains economies of scale efficiencies by standardizing product design and manufacturing or using common suppliers. It introduces products around the world faster, coordinating prices, and eliminating overlapping facilities. For example, Coca-cola gains economies through the competent running of a large-scale franchising system for its bo ttling operations. The multi-domestic strategy means that company deals with each national market independently of other national markets and tailors products to individual countries to meet the need of people in different countries. In this strategy, there is decentralization of decision making and local RD department takes responsibility for innovations. Some companies have products and services which fit for a multi-domestic strategy, which means taking advantages through differentiation and customization to meet local need. For example, Kraft, which is a Food Company, has recognized that they must tailor their cookies and crackers to different markets. Krafts Oreo, which is the top-selling cookie in the United States, had poorly result in China until the company re-changed itself to suit local tastes. And now, Krafts Oreo also is the top seller in China (Julie Jargon, Kraft Reformulated Oreo, Scores in China, The Wall Street Journal (May 1, 2008), B1, B7). For entering global market, organization designs should suit to the need both of global standardization and national responsiveness depending on situation, type of product and service.etc. How to design the structure fit to globalization? To meet the need of globalization, the top managers must design the organizations structure which is adaptive with the changing environment. Firstly, we should understand the meaning and purpose of organizational structure which formally determines the hierarchy within an organization. There are three most common structural types among global organizations are: Functional structure, Divisional structure and Global matrix structures. Functional structure groups people together into functional departments such as marketing, finance, RD, operations etc. Functional structures are the most common organizational model are used domestically. Divisional Structure is broken down into some sub-types: global product division structure and global geographic division structure. The product division takes responsibility for global operations in their specific product area in global product structure. It provides a fairly straightforward way to effectively manage a variety of businesses and products around the world. And each divisions manager is responsible for planning, organizing, and controlling all functions for the production and distribution of its products for any market in the world. The global product structure is great for standardizing production and sales but it also has some problems such as the product divisions do not work well together, competing instead of cooperating in some countries; and some countries may be ignored by product managers. These problems are solved by Eaton Corporation. They use country coordinators who have a clearly defined role is a superb way The global geographic structure groups people together based on specific geographic location. Each geographic division reports to the CEO and has full control of functional activities within its geographic area. To apply geographic structure, the organization must be large with mature product lines and stable technologies. This structure suits to organizations that use multi-domestic strategy. This means that products and services will be successful if they are tailored to local needs and cultures. For example, Nestlà © uses a geographic structure to focus on the local needs and competition in each country (Carol Matlack, Nestlà © is starting to slim down at last: but can the worlds No.1 food colossus up its profits as it slashes costs? Business week (October 27, 2003), 56). Other example is IBM; they are creating new regional division for developing markets such as the Middle East, Asia, the Americas, Africa, and Eastern Europe. IBM tailors software and services to meet the needs of these emerging and fast-growing information technology markets (William M. Bulkeley, Spinning a Global plan, The wall street Journal (February 14, 2008), B1). http://www.unc.edu/~nielsen/soci410/nm13/m7009.gif The global matrix structure groups people by both of product division and geographic division. This structure works best when the pressure for decision making balances the interests of both product standardization and geographic localization and when coordination to share resources is important. Global matrix structure is the most complex of the different organizational structures. There are many international firms such as ABB, Colgate, IBM, Nestlà ©, or Eaton Corp which are using a global hybrid or mixed structure. Finding the right structure for organization that works best for particular company is very important. If using the wrong structure, organization will have the poor communication, poor product development, poor customer service and a lot of other problems. http://www.unc.edu/~nielsen/soci410/nm13/m7010a.gif Transnational model Transnational model is the most advanced kind of international organization. It allows for the attainment of benefits inherent in both global and multi-domestic strategies. The key of a transnational organization is adaptation to all environmental situations and achieving flexibility by capitalizing on knowledge flows, which take the form of decisions and value-added information, and two-way communication throughout the organization. Decision making and knowledge generation are distributed among the units of a transnational organization. Transnational firms usually enter into strategic alliances with their customers, suppliers, and other business partners to save time and capital. There are five implementation tactics which used for implementing the transnational model: Mass customization-synergies through global research and development (e.g., American Express, Time Warner, Frito-Lay, MCI). Global sourcing and logistics (e.g., Benetton, Citicorp). Global intelligence and information resources (e.g., Andersen Consulting, McKinsey Consulting). Global customer service (e.g., American Express). Global alliances (e.g., British Airways and US Air; KLM and Northwest). For example, Nestlà © CEO Peter Brabeck recently questioned the idea of a so-called global consumer. The company appears to be successfully implementing a transnational strategy by making centralization decisions based partly on whether value-chain activities are upstream or downstream. According to Brabeck, The closer we come to the consumer, in branding, pricing, communication, and product adaptation, the more we decentralize. The more we are dealing with production, logistics, and supply-chain management, the more centralized decision making becomes. After all, we want to leverage Nestlà ©s size, not be hampered by it (Wetlaufer, 2001). Information technology in global organization Firstly, we should know what is the information system? This is an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, processing, and communicating information. Its more than just computer program. Information and communications technologies are playing an increasing role in meeting the needed information of organization. Information systems refer to the wider systems of people, data and activities, both computer-based and manual, that effectively gather, process, store and disseminate organizations information. There are several types of information systems: Executive Information System (EIS), Management Information System (MIS), Decision support system (DSS) and Transaction Processing System (TPS). A management information system is used by managerial or mid-level managers. It provides mid-level managers with reports that summarize data and support day-to-day decision making. There are two common types of reports such as Key-Indicator report and Drill-Down report. MIS is subset of the overall internal controls. For example, at Harrahs casinos, an information reporting system keeps track of detail information on each player and uses quantitative models to predict each customers potential long-term value. An Executive information system is used by highest levels of management. These systems are based on software that can convert large amounts of complex data into pertinent information and provide that information to top managers in a timely fashion. We can use the shortest words to define it as EIS requires only the summary of the whole business. It requires the facts and numbers to be taken and easy access to both internal and external information. For example, Motorolas Semiconductor Products Sector, based in Austin, Texas, implemented an EIS using online analytical processing software so that more than a thousand senior executives, as well as managers and project analysts in finance, marketing, sales, and accounting departments around the world, could quickly and easily get information about customer buying trends, manufacturing, and so forth, right from their desktop computers, without having to learn complex and arcane search commands (Megan Santosus, Motorolas Semiconductor prod ucts Sectors EIS, Working Smart column, CIO, section 1 (November 15, 1998), 84). A Decision support system provides specific benefits to managers at all levels of the organization. This is the software which user can pose a series of what-if questions to test the possible alternatives and based on assumptions used in the software or specified by user. It helps managers choose the alternative that will have the best outcome. A Transaction processing systems used at operational level of an organization for making transactions through online processing. For example, paying a utility bill from bank account or sales and orderingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Those are several IT systems which are useful for organizations, especially global organizations. We can recognize that most successful organizations which are knowledge-based organizations are generally those that most effectively apply information technology. IT has enable creation of the network organization structure and also help the top managers design organization which is smaller, decentralized and improved internal and external coordination. Conclusion Globalization gives top managers a lot of challenges, especially in designing organization which fits the needs of globalization. Organization must follow the steps form domestic to global. It helps organization have a sound basis to face with the changing and competitive global environment. Besides that, top managers should understand the strength and the weakness of organization or market to find out the right strategy to enter new market and the structure which flexible and effective with changing environment. To do this, IT is the best choice to invest in. It provides the needed information both of internal and external organization and this is the most effective way to communicate both inside and outside company.

Luis Valdezs Los Venditos :: Mexico Mexican Essays

Luis Valdez's Los Venditos "Los Venditos," which means "the sold out ones," is a play that was directed by Luis Valdez and produced by the Farm Workers Theatre of Atzlan. They have based their theatre society on the old drama clubs that were prevalent in the striker’s communities of the sixties and seventies. In these communities, actors and actresses would play roles that would make fun of certain groups or individuals that they were rebelling against. For example, if the produce pickers were striking against a grower, then the play would bring out every stereotype that person believed in or every bad quality that that person had and would embellish it. They would make their target out to be stupid and ignorant. "Los Venditos" accomplishes this task very well because it shows every stereotype that Anglos have against Mexican Americans, and puts it in a way that will make almost any Anglo be ashamed for having believed such falsities. Everything that was put into the play was put there for a reason, whe ther it is an actual incident or a common stereotype. The narrator before the play explains what the Theatre Society of Aztlan is all about. The narrator is costumed as the Aztec sun god in an Aztec high-rise temple. The area around the sun god was the ancient Aztec calendar. It shows that the Aztlans have a good knowledge about their past. They are proud that they are from the area that the Aztecs originated from. The play starts off with a man, named Honest Sancho, that recently aquired a shop that sold used Mexican models. One might notice, however, that his shop is located in an area that has trash all around it. Many Anglos believe that even if a Mexican were to own his own establishment, it would have to be in their own neighborhood, which is most likely a slum, because they might bring their property value down with their presence. It was, and still is in some places, frowned upon when Mexican Americans try to move their business out of their usual surroundings. A woman, named Ms. Jimenez, who worked for the governor’s office, walked into the store because she said that she needed a Mexican for her office. This was obviously only for appearance because that person would have to do everything he/she was told without question. That person would be used for the good of the office where he would be a puppet for the Anglos.

Edgar Allen Poe :: essays research papers

He is best known for his poems and short fiction, Edgar Allan Poe, born in Boston, Jan. 19, 1809, died Oct. 7, 1849 in Baltimore, deserves more credit than any other writer for the transformation of the short story from anecdote to art. He virtually created the detective story and perfected the psychological thriller. He also produced some of the most influential literary criticism of his time -- important theoretical statements on poetry and the short story -- and has had a worldwide influence on literature. Poe's parents were David Poe Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins, were touring actors; both died before he was 3 years old, and he was taken into the home of John Allan, a prosperous merchant in Richmond, Va., and baptized Edgar Allan Poe. His childhood was uneventful, although he studied (1815-20) for 5 years in England. In 1826 he entered the University of Virginia but stayed for only a year. Although a good student, he ran up large gambling debts that Allan refused to pay. Allan prevented his return to the university and broke off Poe's engagement to Sarah Elmira Royster, his Richmond sweetheart. Lacking any means of support, Poe enlisted in the army. He had, however, already written and printed (at his own expense) his first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), verses written in the manner of Byron. The biography educated me in his life and his works he has written Edgar Allen Poe writes horror stories, melancholy poems that have major impacts on large poets, detective stories which he called the tale of ratiocination or logic, and the finale type of writing was the finest critical mind in his generation. In every persons life there are important events and experiences that people write about. This author also has important events and experiences. Like normal people we do not create tales or short stories or even poems about them and get them published but Poe does. Most of his events and experiences are in a book called The Raven!! It mostly states his events but in a story style so people know his events and at the same time read interesting horror stories. He writes about his childhood times and some adult times that may be fimliar to yours. While I researched about this man I realized that he had an uncommon way of stories and imagination. Such as when he stated in one of his pieces that he killed his cat because he loved it so close to his heart.

Addiction :: essays research papers

Addiction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We have all seen the ads on television that show a lady talking and breathing through a hole in her throat. There are also ads that show kids in situations where their peers are trying to get them to smoke. Twenty years ago these types of commercials were not available, instead you had Joe Cool, Marlboro Man, and many beautiful people who are shown as popular and attractive people because of the cigarettes that they were smoking. The truth is it was all a falsity. Those people who smoke will experience more pain and heartache in their shortened lifetime than that of non-smokers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While I have never smoked, I have seen what it can do to not only those who do smoke, but the people they know as well. Both of my mom’s parents have smoked ever since she had been born. Smoking was not an unusual sight to her. She was also not aware of the adverse affects that smoking has physically, mentally, and emotionally. Nicotine, which is the drug in cigarettes, has been said to be one of the most addictive drugs. Both of my grandparents were addicted, my mom followed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has been seven years since my grandma has died from smoking. She didn’t get a chance to have a surgery, or any other form of assistance to help her live longer. She died in her sleep of emphysema. This hit my mom very hard as she was close to my grandma. Her death led my mom to attempt to quit smoking several times, all failures. I couldn’t understand why it was so difficult. I had watched my dad kick the habit 4 years prior to my grandma’s death. In my eyes it should be easy to quit something that is so harmful, to not only yourself, but to those around you as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My grandma’s death also led to a few changes in my grandpa’s life. He began to think he didn’t have anything else to live for and constantly would smoke and drink. Both of which has caused him many medical problems in the past year. It appears that among other things, he too has emphysema. With this, he has come close to dying two times in the past year. What is worse is that he knows what is wrong and could do something to change his situation. Where he wouldn’t be able to live forever if he was to quit smoking, he would at least make it a few years longer.

Howard Zinn Essay

Howard Zinn was born on December 7 19922 in Brooklyn New York. Zinn was raised in a working-class family in Brooklyn, and flew bombing missions for the United States in World War 2, which experience he uses to shape his opposition to war. Howard Zinn is one of the most respected historians, the author of various books and plays, and a passionate activist for radical change. A clear statement of his nature is his autobiography You Can’t Be Neutral on a Moving Train. He is perhaps best known for A People’s History of the United Sates, which presents American history through the eyes of those outside of the political and economic establishment, like the Native Americans, slaves, women, blacks, etc. In his essay â€Å"Violence and Human Nature† Howard Zinn points that; even if humans are capable of violent behavior, it is social conditions that harness that cruelty. He warns us to steer clear of the widespread notion that humans are biologically predisposed to violen ce and warfare. Mr. Zinn starts off by using an arsenal of famous thinkers, pointing out their pessimistic views and believes on human behavior. Views based on no concrete evidence that we humans are born with this trait called violence. Zinn starts off using Machiavelli’s positive view in the â€Å"The Prince† that humans tend to be bad. Zinn add great minds such as Einstein and Freud and their correspondence to illustrate their own views on the subject, and their conclusions that humans are violent by nature. Other scholars are also thrown in to support this traditional view of human nature being evil. The writer goes on with the idea that scientific evidence doesn’t proves it, and that is the notion that humans are in nature prone to violence. Howard picks on some scientific fields to show as that there is no evidence of human instinct for the kind of aggressive hostility that characterizes war. He turns to sociobiology, where the Harvard professor E.O Wilson in his book â€Å"On Human nature† answers with a yes on the question â€Å"Are human beings innately aggressive?† and finds his evidence not in his field but as Freud did in History. Wilson goes on to describe that humans are born with such a trait as violence, that we own it to our genes. Zinn counter attacks this with the following, Stephen Jay Gould a colleague of Wilson and a expert in evolution categorically just replies when asked that there no evidence for  such a statement by Wilson. Zinn is starting to show us an interesting pattern, a blueprint that clearly show us that every explanation from those important people look to root their selves with evidence found only in History. Zinn invites us to illustrate why History is being picked as the field from where those people can pull their evidence of Human violence. It’s easily proven when you choose humans to be evil, you just need to pick your example, and history is flooded with it. Zinn shows us that there is a down side of it picking on history, because it depends on which historical events you examine to be in your favor. It’s dangerous and very biased to follow this trail. Zinn goes on to convince us that our concentration get deflected by the real cause of violence and war. Zinn uses the 1986 international conference of scientists in Spain to express their conclusion on the question of human nature and violent aggression, to lure as to the very point of the whole essay that society has the power to harness this violent instinct in humans, and not our biological makeup. To further straighten his observation, Zinn uses the well-known Milgram experiment. In sum, carefully controlled experiments demonstrate that we follow others more often than we might like to think. However, it also seems to true that we don’t always conform. We are more likely to conform when authority figures are close by, and are more likely to express our individuality and dissent when the consequences of our actions are more apparent. Also from the area of anthropology Zinn uses the two tribes of The Forest People and The Mountain People from the studies of Colin Turnbull, to show us what an impact can an out side disturbance have on one tribe, which brought out a violent behavior in them. But the second tribe uninterrupted continued on a gentle and peaceful life. Howard decided to turn our attention from all does academic studies to the war itself. He gives himself as an example to explain war. Zinn argues that he and his fellow soldiers killed as a result of a set of experiences that  brought them to the front lines of war, not because they felt an instinctual compel to do so. He doesn’t view the soldier’s willingness to go to war as genuine to their human nature but is rather triggered by existing social conditions. This is what is expected from you, the pressure of people around him to do his duty. Zinn recalls being brought up to trust that the nation’s political leaders would make just and fair choices, and that the world was divided into good and bad countries, his own country being one of the good. He also recalls being trained not to question orders and being reminded that there was no reason to question those orders since they all stemmed from good political leaders and you should obey those people. Ones in the war and having such obedience, produced in him by his society, a soldier easily demonstrates the power of culture in extreme ways, like for example the My Lai Massacre. Where a detachment of units annihilated a whole village consisted only by elderly people, women and children. Zinn decides to show us that in the aftermath of the massacre, GI’s as in the case of Charles Hutto said that he did what he was told to do. But we see that also a helicopter offices decides to save as much people as he can from the village below, Howard suggests that men are disposed to war under certain setting. Society should come to turns to this power which it holds over people harnessing this violent instinct and avoid doing so at all costs.

Don Quixote

Joseph Andrews is Fielding's first novel. It is a classical example of a literary work which started as a parody and ended as an excellent work of art in its own right. The work Fielding intended to parody was Richardson's first novel Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded which had taken England by storm in the years following 1740 when it was first published. In his novel Fielding intended in the beginning to show how Lady Booby (aunt of â€Å"Lord B. † in Richardson's novel) attempts the virginity of Joseph Andrews, described as the virtuous Pamela's brother but in the end discovered to be different. The whole intention was comic. But after Chapter IX Joseph Andrews seems to break away completely from the original intention. Parson Adams, who has no counterpart in Pamela, runs away with the novel. He â€Å"is one of the most living, lovable, comical bundles of wisdom and simplicity in all literature. † In the words of Edmund Gosse, â€Å"Parson Abraham Adams, alone, would be a contribution to English letters. † He indeed is the hero of the novel, and not Joseph Andrews. Fielding was aware of giving a new literary form with Joseph Andrews which he called â€Å"a comic epic in prose. † Fielding is a great master of the art of characterization also. Fielding's broad human sympathy coupled with his keen observation of even the faintest element of hypocrisy in a person is his basic asset as a master of characterization. He laughs and makes us laugh at many of his characters, but he is never cynical or misanthropic. He is a pleasant satirist, sans malice, sans harshness. He gives no evidence of being angry at the foibles of his characters or of holding a lash in readiness. His comic creations resemble those of Chaucer and Shakespeare. Parson Trulliber and Falstaff, if they were to meet, would have immediately recognized each other! Fielding is one of the greatest humorists in English literature. The same comic spirit which permeates his plays is also evident in his novels. As he informs us, the author upon whom he modeled himself was Cervantes; it is not surprising, therefore, that comedy should be his method. Fielding's humor is wide in range. It rises from the coarsest farce to the astonishing heights of the subtlest irony. On one side is his zestful description of various fights and, on the other, the grim irony of Jonathan Wild. Higher! than both is that ineffable, pleasant, and ironic humor that may be found everywhere in Tom Jones but is at its best in Joseph Andrews where it plays like summer lightning around the figure of Parson Adams-an English cousin of Don Quixote. Fielding's very definition of the novel as â€Å"a comic epic in prose† is indicative of the place of humor and comedy in his novels and, later, those of many of his followers. It may be pointed out here that Richardson had no sense of humor; he was an unsmiling moralist and sentimentalist. Comparing the two, Coleridge says: â€Å"There is a cheerful, sunshiny, breezy spirit that prevails everywhere strongly contrasted with the close, hot, tfay-dreamy continuity of Richardson. † Fielding's humor is sometimes of the satiric kind, but he is never harsh or excessively cynical.

Deborah Tannen’s Theory Essay

In contemporary society biological factors are no longer the sole components that distinguish men and women. Rather anything from clothing or hairstyles to make-up or accessories can indicate specific messages about an individual. According to Deborah Tannen, women are more frequently considered marked beings in our society while men have fewer clothing or style options and are therefore free to remain unmarked. Although Tannen argues that it is possible for men to remain purely â€Å"unmarked† her assertions do not hold up well in a changing world. Because the term â€Å"marked† is a social construction, it is not possible to remain completely unmarked, as styles and trends repeatedly change with different ages, generations, and geographic locations. In her study Tannen reveals that among four women and eight men present during a business meeting the women had several more features to observe compared to one another. However, Tannen’s conclusions seem partially invalid for her findings are based on only one particular event. In a business-like environment, it is more likely to find conservatively dressed men with less notable markings than women. Even though women may not only be identified based on their apparent style but also how they choose to present themselves. (i.e. Baggy clothes vs. tight clothes, make-up vs. no makeup). In general, Tannen’s findings appear questionable mainly because her approach when defining a â€Å"marked† individual seems limiting. For example, Tannen would call a man wearing a shirt a marked individual. However, it is quite common for men in Scotland to wear skirts. Without ever considering these geographic differences, Tannen makes bold assumptions based on her own biases. When speculating a specific sub-culture such as the generational â€Å"rave†/dance culture, Tannen’s argument holds no validity. Clearly both men and women in this culture wear similar styles of clothing and accessories that are in essence, uni-sex. While piercings and jewelry might â€Å"mark† a man in society such stylistic choices are considered quite common and acceptable among â€Å"ravers†. Similarly women who wear baggy clothes and baseball caps are not â€Å"marked† as less feminine than those who wear tighter clothes and make-up within this sub-culture are. According to Tannen, â€Å"each of the women at the conference had to make decisions about hair, clothing, make-up and accessories and each decision carried meaning†¦. men can choose style that are marked but they don’t have to, and in this group none did.† (231-2). Although Tannen makes the distinction between the style of men and women at a business conference, she fails to mention that their age and field of work influences what should be â€Å"marked vs. unmarked† and what styles appear appropriate vs. inappropriately. Clearly, Tannen states that all four women are marked yet some are considered more severely marked and judged than others are. Specifically, the women with the long, blond, hair, dressed in tight clothing and heels were more severely marked in Tannen’s eyes. However, Tannen never mentions that in another profession, such as the entertainment or fashion industry, the women style might be considerable less marked than an individual dressed more simple and conservatively. In conclusion, the assumptions that Tannen makes in her article infer that men in society can remain unmarked. Although men are objectified and sexualized less than women this does not mean that they are not in the public eye. Tannen’s view on today’s â€Å"marked† society is based truly on her opinion. She omits geographical, generational and age differences when making her conclusion.

Organic Lab 7

Amanda Jornd Experiment 7- Synthesis and Reactivity of tert-Butyl Chloride Via an SN1 Reaction Introduction/Background: Alkyl halides are compounds in which a halogen atom replaces a hydrogen atom of an alkane. Alkyl halides are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary depending on the number of alkyl substituents directly attached to the carbon attached to the halogen atom. The purpose of this lab was to properly prepare t-butyl chloride from t-butyl-alcohol in a concentrated hydrochloric acid.The reaction occurs through a nucleophilic substitution, which is when a nucleophile replaces the leaving group in the substrate. In this lab, the hydroxyl group of t-butyl alcohol is replaced by a chlorine atom. The reaction proceeds through an SN1 mechanism (Weldegirma 38-41). â€Å"A nucleophile is any neutral or uncharged molecule with an unshared pair of electrons. In the substitution reaction, the nucleophile donates an electron pair to the substrate, leading to the formation of a n ew bond to the nucleophile, while breaking the existing bond to the leaving group† (Solomons and Fryhle 99-102).The two types of nucleophilic substitution reactions, SN1 and SN2, are identified based on whether the different steps occur simultaneously (SN1) or in two separate steps (SN2). To synthesize the t-butyl chloride, the t-butyl alcohol goes through an SN1 reaction. Also, the nature of the solvent can affect which substitution reaction will occur. Polar protic solvents typically favor SN1 reactions. This is because the SN1 mechanism is carried out in two steps and the polar protic solvent produces both a cation and an anion which are capable of stabilizing the charges on the ions formed during the reaction.Because an SN2 reaction occurs in one step, this is unfavorable; however, the SN2 reactions tend to favor polar aprotic solvents. Another factor affecting the type of substitution reaction is the nature of the leaving group. Since the SN1 reactions occur in one step, they generally require an excellent leaving group and won’t typically run with a poor leaving group. The SN2 reaction also favors excellent leaving groups but can run with any type of leaving group because it is run in two different steps. To synthesize the t-butyl chloride, the t-butyl alcohol goes through an SN1 reaction. Weldegirma 38-41). Mechanism of the preparation of tert-butyl chloride: Possible side reaction during the preparation of tert-butyl chloride: Experimental Section/Flow Chart: Part 1: 60mL separatory funnel + cooled 15mL of concentrated HCl to 0? C + added 15mL of HCl to separatory funnel + added 5mL tert-butyl alcohol +swirled it without the stopper for 20 minutes + let stand until two distinct layers were formed + drained lower layer into Erlenmeyer flask and saved just incase Organic Layer- in separatory funnel +added 30mL of DI water + swirled for a few minutes let stand until two distinct layers formed + drew off lower layer into Erlenmeyer flask and s aved just incase Organic Layer- in separatory Funnel + added 15mL of 5% sodium bicarbonate + shook with stopper with venting + let stand for a few minutes until two distinct layers formed + drew off lower layer into Erlenmeyer flask and kept just incase Organic Layer- in separatory funnel + added 15mL of water + swirled for a couple minutes + let stand until two distinct layers have formed + drew off lower layer into Erlenmeyer flask and kept just incase Organic Layer transferred product layer into clean/dry 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask + added 1. 5 grams of anhydrous calcium chloride to dry the product +decanted into round bottom flask + added 6 boiling stones + ran through a simple distillation Tert-Butyl Chloride Part 2- Test tube #1- + added . 1mL tert-butyl chloride from part 1 + added 1mL of NaI + shook while holding top of test tube with finger + recorded time, look, color, etc. Negative Result Test Tube #2- + added . 1mL tert-butyl chloride from part 1 + added 1mL of AgNO3 + shoo k while holding top of test tube with finger recorded time, look, color, etc. Positive Result Test Tube # 3- + added . 2mL tert-chloro butane + added 1mL of NaI + shook while holding top of test tube with finger + recorded time, look, color, etc. Positive Result Test Tube #4- + added . 2mL tert-chloro butane + added 1mL of AgNO3 + shook while holding top of test tube with finger + recorded time, look, color, etc. Negative Result Table of Chemicals: Table of Chemicals 1: Table of Chemicals 1: Chemical Name-| Physical Properties- | Chemical Properties- | Tert-Butyl Alcohol-| M. P. -25-26 ? CB. P. – 82-83? CMolecular Weight- 74. 2 g/molWater Solubility- miscible| Combustible- noFlammable- yes| Hydrochloric Acid-| M. P. – -114? CB. P. – -85. 05? CMolecular Weight-36. 4 g/mol| Combustible- yesFlammable- no| Sodium bicarbonate-(Chembook) (Chembook) | M. P. – 50? CB. P. – 851? CMolecular Weight- 84 g/molWater Solubility- 9 g/ 100mL| Combustible- noFlammab le-no| Table of Chemicals 2: Table of Chemicals 2: Tert-butyl chloride-| M. P. – -26? CB. P. – 51? CMolecular Weight- 92. 57 g/molWater Solubility- sparingly| Combustible- noFlammable-yes| Anhydrous calcium chloride- | M. P. – 772? CB. P. – 1935?CMolecular Weight- 110. 98 g/molWater Solubility- 74. 5 g/ 100mL| Combustible- yes/ slightlyFlammable- no| Silver nitrate-| M. P. – 212? CB. P. – 444? CMolecular Weight- 169. 87 g/molWater Solubility- 122 g/100mL| Combustible- noFlammable- no| Sodium iodide-(Chembook) (Chembook) | M. P. – 661? CB. P. – 1304? CMolecular Weight- 149. 89 g/molWater Solubility- 178. 8 g / 100mL| Combustible- noFlammable- no| Table of Chemicals 3: Table of Chemicals 3: 1-chlorobutane- (Chembook) (Chembook) | M. P. – -123? CB. P. – 78? CMolecular Weight- 92. 57 g/molWater Solubility- . g/L| Combustible- YesFlammable-Yes| Results: Percent Yield- t-butyl alcohol: Density = Mass/Volume : M= . 842 x 5 = 4. 21 grams Mass/ M. W. = # moles : 4. 21 g / 74. 12 g/mol = . 0568 moles of t-butyl alcohol t-butyl chloride: Density = Mass / Volume : M= . 397 x 2 = . 794 grams mass / M. W. = # moles: . 794 g / 92. 57 g/mol = . 00858 moles of t-butyl chloride Because of a 1:1 ratio then you can use actual / theoretical x 100 . 00858 moles / . 0568 moles x 100 = 15. 105 % Results Table 1: Results Table 1: | Color| Precipitate appearance| Time of precipitate| After warm water (50?C) bath| Positive or Negative Result| Test Tube # 1- T-butyl chloride & NaI| Clear/ faint tint of yellow| No precipitate| Over 6 minutes and still no precipitate| Nothing occurred after 6 minutes in the steam bath| Negative Result| Test Tube # 2- T-butyl chloride & AgNO3| Cloudy and white| Yes, small solid particles| . 8 seconds| N/A| Positive Result| Test Tube # 3- t-chloro butane & NaI| Slightly cloudy with initial drop but quickly turned clear| No precipitate after 6 minutes| 6 minutes RT, for steam bath 4 minutes 58 seconds| Yellow solution as well as white precipitate on bottom formed. Positive Result| Test Tube #4- t-chloro butane & AgNO3| Clear colorless liquid| No precipitate| 6 minutes RT, 6 minutes steam bath| No precipitate| Negative Result| Discussion: Throughout this lab, the main goal was to properly create a t-butyl chloride. In order to test if we properly received our product we tested the sample with two different solvents, a solvent of sodium iodide and silver nitrate. If an alkyl halide is a tertiary one, it can easily react with a solvent of silver nitrate to generate a relatively stable tertiary carbocation through an SN1 reaction.If an alkyl halide is a primary one, it can then react with iodide ions in the sodium iodide solvent by an SN2 mechanism showing a precipitate of insoluble sodium chloride. Heat can also be used in this process to speed up the reaction (Weldegirma 38-41). The first test we ran was t-butyl chloride and sodium iodine. After mixing the two compounds , there was only a slight tint to the liquid but remained clear and precipitate free for 6 minutes of being room temperature. We then placed it in a warm water in which there was no precipitate that formed while being heated.This test yielded a negative result. The second test that we ran was t-butyl chloride and silver nitrate. Directly after mixing the compounds, there was an immediate white precipitate that had formed. This test yielded a positive result. A negative result with sodium iodide and a positive result of silver nitrate concluded that our solution of t-butyl chloride was a pure tertiary alkyl halide. Our third test was run with t-chloro butane and sodium iodide. This test initially did not form a precipitate while it was kept at room temperature.We then used a warm water bath in which after 5 minutes the solution formed a white precipitate and a yellow liquid. This shows that this test was a positive test. The fourth test was with t-chloro butane and silver nitrate. Th is test did not form a precipitate at room temperature or during the steam bath. This shows a negative result. With the t-chloro butane, the negative result with silver nitrate and the positive result of sodium iodide prove that this is indeed a primary alkyl halide. Conclusion:In this lab, we properly carried out an SN1 reaction from t-butyl alcohol to t-butyl chloride and found that we did in fact create a t-butyl chloride by getting a positive result from our silver nitrate test in the end. Although we weren’t able to visibly see with our eye the nucleophilic attack, the steps that we carried out in the lab showed the separated layers and that there were reactions going on during each step. The organic layer that was continuously washed was undergoing the slow reaction process during each separating stage.In the end, after the distillation of the solution, the SN1 reaction was completely carried out. The information from this data has revealed that it is possible to carry out an SN1 reaction in a lab; however, in the process of washing the product there will be a lot of material lost giving a low percent yield in the end. It would be smart to use chemicals that are inexpensive and in large quantities to carry out these types of reactions. The information and techniques performed in this lab could be applied to other situations in an industrial setting.One example of this could be creating chlorofluorocarbons which used to be produced for aerosol cans and other products. Although these are no longer widely used in the world due to ozone effect, the SN1 reaction could be done with these chemicals. Overall, the lab accomplished what it was set out to do. References: â€Å"Chemical Book. † 2008.

What Impact Does The Media And Public Opinion Have On American Foreign Essay

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Career development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

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Parallel myths Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Parallel myths - Essay Example The main emphasis is made on mathematical structures of cosmology and immortal features of human beings. Different cultures position gods in a numerical hierarchical rank. As a rule, they have a parallel support from a celestial body (stars, planets, moon etc). With regards to mythological developments, deities are full of immortality secrets and they are demigods, which were born in the result of relationships between god and the matter of earth. Â  Initially, the Taoist pantheon consisted of the natural deities and came from the roots of a natural philosophy (Hackin, Linossier, De Wilman-Grabowska, Marchal, Maspero and Eliseev, 1963). Further on some features from Buddhist deities were incorporated and different signs of Confucian ideology and many other ideologies can be identified. In the majority of cases mythical deities were embodied in human forms and shapes. In accordance with the legends and different myths these deities have never been human ones. Demi-gods in Chinese myt hology combine the features of heroes, emperors and other outstanding personalities. There is no doubt that Chinese deities personify features of human brevity and courage in the majority of cases. In the Chinese mythology one can find many non-human spirit beings, which are popular in the context of Chinese culture (Ter Haar, 2001). For example, there are many deities, who have heads of animals or these demi-gods functioned as the regulators of destiny, developers of the universe; these demi-gods were legendary leaders etc. Therefore, Chinese mythology is often compared with common features of real personalities. Indian Mythology represents a rich element of the Indian Culture. It is one of the most unique cultures in the world. Stories about mythology in India were transferred from one mouth to another from one generation to another (Cotterell, 1986). Thus, there is a myriad of different articles and stories about the Indian mythology. These stories create a reliable background fo r Indian mythology development. The basic values of the Indian culture can be traced in mythology of the country. Tales of Panchatantra and Jataka are as well popular, as other stories from the Bhagvad-Gita, Mahabharata and Ramayana (Cotterell, 1986). The main emphasis should be made on numerous and different stories telling about real positive features of the Indian mythology. The Hindu Gods are the most popular gods from the Indian mythology. There are hundreds and thousands of arms in deities of Indian mythology. Chinese mythology is not focused on depicting a myriad of hands or any other limbs of their deities. Hindu Gods are the most sexual around the world (Hopkins, 1969). Sexy carvings have grasped majority of temples in the Indian culture. Goddesses in the Indian culture are always dancing; they are full of color and emotions. The cosmic dance of Shiva and the gang are very interesting and appealing for the audience. It should be noted that Hindu mythology is more about phil osophy and not religion (Chatterjee 2001, p. 32). There are many sects in the Indian culture. The followers of this culture underline that they are able to choose any path for their own development. The essence of mythology in Hindu is to show that every person should follow his own path in his own life. Karma is a moral duty of cause or reason and the followers in Hindu are obliged to the laws of karma. There is more motion in the

Managers should adapt their leadership style according to the context Essay

Managers should adapt their leadership style according to the context. Discuss - Essay Example he or she might inspire or motivate the employees or followers towards his decisions thereby amplifying their level of performance and devotion towards the assigned tasks. This might prove effective for both the manager as well as the organization to enhance its reputation and brand image in the market among other rival players (Northouse, 2010, pp. 768-781). This essay is divided into three parts that mainly highlights the importance of leadership and the types of leadership style. Along with this, it also highlights the reasons for which, a manger need to get adapted to situational or different leadership styles so as to manage the impacts of the situations in an effective way. Finally it is concluded with a conclusion at the end of the essay. Leadership is a style that is used to influence other followers or employees to get attracted towards the decisions and actions taken or implemented by a leader or manager. With the help of this style, a leader or a manger very easily motivates or inspires others to enhance their level of performance and devotion towards the assigned jobs or tasks. As a result of which, the level of productivity of the organization gets enhanced resulting in amplification of its brand image and market share in the market among others. Therefore, it might be clearly stated that, in this age of competitiveness, an organization may retain its sustainability and competitive position only if an experienced and tactful manager or leader is present within it. Otherwise, it may not be possible for the organization to cope up with varied types of business challenges such as oil hick, recession, excess attrition, employee conflicts and many others. All individual may not comprise of the inherent quality of being a leader, but might attain such a position through vigorous experience and talents. However, in order to do so, it’s extremely essential to know about behavioural, situational and contingency dimensions of leadership. Among all these

Compare and contrast three different perspectives on the relevance of Essay

Compare and contrast three different perspectives on the relevance of postivist validity criteria for the evaluation of qualitat - Essay Example These perspectives are validity, reliability and generalizability, which apply to the evaluation of qualitative research. This paper compares and contrasts three different perspectives of positivist approach to evaluate the qualitative research. The paper will elaborate of how the perspectives are different and similar in the evaluation of qualitative research. A comparative analysis of the perspectives will be made in this report. The Positivist Approach in Qualitative Research The researchers in contemporary studies mostly in areas of medical science, psychology or social sciences come up with the proposition of positivist approach. They propose this approach for the evaluation of qualitative research method, which adapts less significant methods of knowledge acquisition. Qualitative research, which is based on the principle of introspection, requires the approach of positivism for bringing its conductive evaluation (Leavy, 2010, p.16). Positivism brings the evaluation on the basis of positivist verification which comes out through detailed experimentation and analytical observation altogether. By applying the scientific approaches such as mathematics and modeling, a positivist has a more valid ground to analyze or assess a qualitative study. A positivist approach primarily focuses on the objective reality of a qualitative research, avoiding all the subjective theism in research evaluation (Keegan, 2009). This increases the impact of evaluation as more rationalized and reasonable hypothesis is derived by positivism in a qualitative study. It is the rationale based on scientific reasons that work out in positivism for evaluating a qualitative study (Keegan, 2009). It is the accuracy of data that is the accuracy of measurements and observations which matters in a positivist approach of evaluation. This is how by applying both reason and science a positivist brings a conductive path for evaluating a qualitative study (Golafshani, 2003). For all such reasons, a p ositivist validity criterion appears significant for evaluating qualitative research. The criterion is based on three different perspectives – validity, reliability and generalizability. Applying the criterion with the three different perspectives gives a pathway to evaluate qualitative research. Below is the comparison of all these three perspectives of positivist approach (Flick, 2009, p.69). The Three Perspectives of Positivist Validity The validity criteria of positivist approach significantly apply to the process of evaluation. The criteria provide a deliberate route to conduct an evaluation of a qualitative research (Merriam, 1995). The positive approach primarily focuses on the methods of research, which build the ground of an empirical study or qualitative research. If the methods are correct, find enough to identify the objective reality, they can determine of how much effective a qualitative research is. Actually, it is the assessment of the methods of a qualitative study, which is described as evaluation of a positivist (Markula & Silk, 2011). Validity According to the contemporary literature, validity is the initial perspective of positivist validity criteria. Validity is described as authenticity of a research with respect to its measurement and observation approaches. If measurement or observation is right in a qualitative research as if it gives the right answer to the qualitative resea